The Technological Impact on Education Research Paper

The Technological Impact on Education - Research Paper Example Can enhance your comfort with participation, which would otherwise reserve you because of presence of other students in a classroom (Siddiqui, 2004). How researching online, e-libraries and online journals help students with homework There have been many discoveries and developments in the world since its beginning, but one of the most startling discoveries is the internet. It has unveiled the problems and solutions of entire world. One of the biggest achievements of discovering internet is online learning, which has become a priceless gem for students particularly. On just one click, they can find out the lectures of classes they missed, in just one minute they can find out the ways to solve the most difficult questions. Instead of registering for a library, which is sometimes costly for many students, they can have access to any book they want (Williams, 2002). Online libraries and journals help students complete their assignments without buying expensive books and concerning price y tutors. Moreover, internet helps students to get connected with international students, share their ideas and opinions with them and get exposure of their methodologies and ways of learning. In this way, students will use multiple dimensions to analyze a problem and come up with various methods to solve it. How Technology can Increase Learning Learning has never been confined in the surroundings of a school, college, university or any other formal setting to gain knowledge. But today, it has gone beyond the formal concepts of learning education, mainly because of technology. Due to the use of the internet, everybody has access to knowledge of the world. Today, people use the internet for many reasons and purposes. The internet has helped students and professional to seek every kind of knowledge from basic to advanced to the current developments in their respective fields, ranging from arts, sciences, sports, fashion, agriculture, literature, and what not (Reksten, 2000). Apart fro m students and professionals, the internet is being used by people to perform their daily life tasks in a better way. People use it to know about the latest machines and gadgets for their daily tasks, to get advices and tips for health and beauty, to get help in cooking, to know what exercises are the best for them, or to see a product’s review. Today, it is hard to find any topic given to a student for assignment that he cannot find on the internet. The use of the GPS on mobile phones helps people to know their destination and find the fastest route. For business people technology has proved to be very helpful because it reduces the time of their work as huge calculations can be done in minutes using several techniques and software (Williams, 2002). For children it is fun cum learning technology, there are many games that help children learn with fun for example, vocabulary games, pronunciation games, mathematics games and many others.

Developing Early Warning System for Peace and Security in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Developing Early Warning System for Peace and Security in Nigeria Essay 1. Brief Demographic Background of Nigeria: The demographic characteristics of Nigeria set the platform for an understanding of the case for conflict based National early warning system. A historical analysis of major conflicts in Nigeria since independence points to strong linkages to its demographic composition. It has been unarguably regarded as the most populous country in the Africa and also accounts for half of the entire population of West Africa. The last census exercise in 2007 conducted by the Nigeria Population Commision (NPC) put the country’s population at over 140 million. (NPC, 2006). Politically, it practices a three tier federal system of government comprising the Federal, State and Local Government Councils which implies relative levels of autonomy in governance as well as oversight and control which many political analyst has attributed as a mixture of British Parliamentary and U.S Presidential system of governance. It has 36 states with a Federal Capital Territory at Abuja. These are further sub-divided into 774 semi-autonomous local government councils. For political and economic exigencies of governance and development, it is segregated into what is referred to as six geo political zones which include the North Central, North East, North West, South East, South South and South West. With over 240 ethnic groups spread across the country, the challenges of representation, equity in political representation as well as economic accessibility has been the bedrock of many diverse conflicts in the country. This is further complicated by the heterogeneous mixture of Christian and Muslim religion greatly polarised between the Christian south and Muslim Northern region. (op cit.)The population of traditional religion is sparsely located across the six geo-political zones of the country. Despite the immense rich natural resources in the country, crude oil located at the south south, south east and south west geo political zones of the country remain the major revenue source for the country and also the major source of various causative factors of conflict in Nigeria which has led to its reference in many social science research cycles as the ‘resource curse’ to the extent that the country is now considered one of the 20 poorest countries in the world. Over 70% of the population is classified as poor, with 35 percent living in absolute poverty. This is especially severe in rural areas, where social services are limited or non existent. 2. The Peace and Security Dimension in Nigeria: In contrast, Nigeria’s complex political, socio-cultural and economic diversity has been a source of varied and multiple levels of conflicts and humanitarian crises with implication to sustainable peace, security and development within the country and the West Africa sub region. A retrospection of these conflicts highlights six basic conflict types that have pervaded the country in the last two decades. These include communal conflicts, chieftaincy conflicts, ethno-religious conflicts, oil related conflicts, election related conflicts and agro-pastoralist conflicts. These conflicts are the outcome of the deep rooted causal factors of poverty, poor/bad governance and inequitable distribution of resources and development across the country. Between 1999 to 2010 for instance there has been an estimated death of 14,000 people from various levels of these conflicts across the country and about 750,000 – 850,000 Internally displaced persons.(Internal Displacement Monitoring, 2007) Based on the lack of mechanisms to address the root cause of these conflicts, it has continued to reoccur, intensify and impact negatively in Nigerian societies to the extent of creating viscious cycles of violence and complex humanitarian crises. Communities experiencing these conflicts have remained vulnerable and usually face the risks of further conflicts and distablity. Based on the recurrence of these conflicts,the communities have been tagged, ‘flashpoints of conflict’, unusually disaggregated across geo political lines or constellations. 3. The concept of Early Warning for Peace and Security: Based on the negative impact of conflicts to development and human security, there is increasing paradigm shift from conflict resolution mechanisms regarded as reactive to conflict prevention mechanisms which is seen as more proactive and has the capacity to prevent or mitigate destructive conflict or humanitarian crises globally. As core element of conflict prevention, early warning has increasingly gained prominence, credibility and efficiency as a preventive mechanism and solution to conflicts in societies. By definition, Early Warning has been described as a process of communicating judgements about threats early enough for decision-makers to take action to deter whatever outcome is threatened; or failing that, to manage events in such a way that the worst consequences are mitigated† (WANEP: 2008). Dmitrichev Andrei defined it as organizational procedure or mechanism for the structures and systemic collection and analysis of information, and the subsequent communication of results of this analysis to policy makers in a form that would be easily recognized and understood. The recognition and appreciation of the opportunities inherent in this system resulted in the first organised platform for the systematic development of the early warning system led by the Forum on Early Warning and Early Response (F.E.W.E.R.) in 1997 in response to the Rwandan genocide of 1994. It blossomed to become the largest global network of over thirty five (35) organisations across the world that catalysed the creation of the early warning and response networks in the Caucasus (led by EAWARN/Russian Academy of Sciences), Great Lakes Region of Africa (led by the Africa Peace Forum) and West Africa(led the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding) WANEP. Further impetus to the adoption and institutionalisation of the early warning system was boosted by the former Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan when he stated that, â€Å"For the United Nations, there is no larger goal, no deeper commitment and no greater ambition than preventing armed conflict. The prevention of conflict begins and ends with the protection of human life and the promotion of human development. Ensuring human security is, in the broadest sense, the United Nations’ cardinal mission. Genuine and lasting prevention is the means to achieve that mission. (Koffi Annan: 2001) This further gave rise to the UN Security Council Resolution 1624 of 2005 with the following core declarations: 1. Reaffirms the need to adopt a broad strategy of conflict prevention, which addresses the root causes of armed conflict and political social crises in a comprehensive manner, including by promoting sustainable development, poverty eradication, national reconciliation, good governance, democracy, gender equality, the rule of law and respect for and protection of human rights; 2. Recognises the need to strengthen the important role of the United Nations in the prevention of violent conflicts, and to develop effective partnerships between the Council and regional organisations, in particular the African Union and its sub regional organisations, in order to enable early responses to disputes and emerging crises; 3. Affirms the UN commitment in â€Å"supporting regional and sub regional capacities for early warning to help them in working out appropriate mechanisms to enable prompt action in reaction to early warning indicators; 4. Recognises the important supporting roles played by civil society, men and women, in conflict prevention and the need to take into account all possible contributions from civil society; 5. Supporting regional and sub regional capacities for early warning to help them in working out appropriate mechanisms to enable prompt action in reaction to early warning indicators; 6. Promote coordination with regional conflict management machinery in Africa which provide the Security Council with additional reliable and timely information to facilitate rapid decision-making; 7. Strengthen the capacities of civil society groups, including women’s groups, working to promote a culture of peace, and to mobilise donors to support these efforts (UN: 2005) 4. Developing Institutional Platform for conflict Early Warning System: Reflecting on WANEP-Nigeria’s Experience: The participation and commitment of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) to the FEWER platform strengthened its capacity and hands on skill for civil society based analysis and response mechanisms towards the prevention or mitigation of conflict especially within the great lake region following the post Sierra Leone and Liberian Conflicts of 90’s. This deepened its regional expertise as the reference point for early warning system in the West Africa sub region and subsequently the network of choice for the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) in the implementation of the regional based ECOWAS Early Warning and Response Network (ECOWARN). The system principally works through three basic components of reporting/data gathering, analysis and information dissemination utilised to facilitate response to issues of peace and security within the ECOWAS sub region. WANEP became the civil society partner with ECOWAS in the implementation ECOWARN since 2006. As part of the WANEP regional network, WANEP-Nigeria was mandated as the national civil society focal point to report into the online ECOWARN system. Its task was to provide weekly and daily reports to the incidence and situation reporting template as designed into the online system. This was to give ECOWARN an up to date civil society perspective of the peace and human security threats and opportunities in Nigeria. With the participation of Nigeria in this process came ominous challenges. 1. The first was the pressure from the focal points at Lagos secretariat of WANEP-Nigeria to deliver credible reports in relation to the size of Nigeria 2. With the size of Nigeria, the focal point concentrated in getting information from national newspapers, television and radio For the focal points who were staff of WANEP, it was included as part of their job responsibility. They relied on making phone calls to members of WANEP at the state levels for local or peculiar peace and security information that was not reported in the national media. However, these information were reluctantly or half-hazardly given and also cost intensive to the staff as they often bore liability for these calls. This challenge was partially cushioned when ECOWAS resolved to pay reporters communication allowance in 2007/2008. Inspite of this, the feedback from member organizations providing information at the state level was still half hazard and questionable. To redress this challenge, the program team at the national secretariat organized a brainstorm meeting to develop a framework for a workable national early warning system that not only ensures commitment of member organizations to support the system but also is both functional and cost effective. The first trial system was developed for the Nigeria 2007 elections. An Information, Communication and Technology (I.C.T.) consultant was engaged that worked directly with the program team to capture specific indicators to monitor election related conflicts in what was referred to as the ‘election barometer’. The cost of developing the barometer was wholly borne by the secretariat while the election monitoring was performed by staf f who volunteered to report into the system as an experiential learning process to enhance their understanding of the EW system. The experience motivated the secretariat to consciously plan for a conflict intervention proposal which includes an aspect of a sustainable/operational national early warning system. The submission and approval of the proposal by international partners led WANEP-Nigeria to develop the first locally designed and operated conflict focused National Early Warning system.

Causes of Unemployment in the 1980s

Causes of Unemployment in the 1980s Why did mass unemployment return to Britain during the 1980s  and 1990s? What were the implications for the unemployed? Introduction Margaret Thatcher came to power following the infamous ‘winter of discontent’ in 1978-9. Once in power the Tory Government’s debates were largely concerned with a free market economy versus the welfare state. Margaret Thatcher was influenced by the thought of the American Charles Murray (1984) who believed that current welfare provision was untenable, it undermined the work ethic and encouraged a culture of dependency. This idea was soon taken on board by the government who had already introduced measures that would roll back the welfare state and control spending. They did this by introducing marketing concepts and business strategies into policy making. They also began an intense process of privatization because it was thought that public ownership of companies, and the public sector in general undermined market forces. Giddens (2001) says that: †¦the momentum of Thatcherism in economic matters was maintained by the privatising of public companies†¦..(this)..is held to reintroduce healthy economic competition in place of unwieldy and ineffective public bureaucracies, reduce public expenditure and end political interference in managerial decisions (Giddens, 2001:434). This paper will look the post-war welfare state and the high employment levels of the 1950s and ‘60s. It will then look at the rising unemployment of the 1970s and the Conservative Government’s introduction of market principles, their roll-back of the welfare state, and the increased privatization of the public sector. Finally it will consider why mass unemployment returned to Britain during the 1980s and 1990s. The paper will also look at how changes in the benefits system as well as changes in employment law affected those at the lower end of society. Post-War Welfare Reform From the 1930s onwards governments were heavily influenced by what is known as Keynesian economics, that is an economic system based on the thought of the economist John Milton Keynes. Keynes held that the surplus that arose in times of plenty would support leaner economic times so that everyone in society benefited. Post-War welfare reform was basically a war on poverty and was based on a vision of full employment and a social contract between the Government and the members of society each of whom had equal responsibility for their welfare. The system grew out of the thinking of the economist John Milton Keynes. This was known as universal welfare provision and it meant that the state was involved at all levels of people’s lieves (Moore, 2002)..National Insurance was introduced in 1908 and was intended to give aid during periods of unemployment and to provide medical treatment in return for contributions that were deducted from people’s wages. Further Acts were introduced in 1945 and 1946. Beveridge argued that they gave insufficient cover and were not available to enough people so he extended them for more claimants and more conditions. The new amendments meant that National Insurance covered as many people and conditions as possible it was meant to be fully comprehensive and base d on flat rate contributions, i.e. everyone paid the same. In 1948 the Government introduced National Assistance.. National Assistance was seen as a benefit of being a UK citizen. When this was introduced Beveridge believed that payments under this scheme would be small and also that the demand for them would decrease as the health of the nation (with the instigation of the National Health Service in 1948) increased. National Assistance was based on the needs and means of individual claimants and was thus a means tested benefit (Moore, 2002). The post-war government also introduced a system of benefits for couples with children in the Family Allowances Act of 1945, this later (1975) became known as Child Benefit which replaced family allowance and tax benefits for families with children. It was payable to all families for each child. One of the problems faced by Government after the introduction of the Health Service was that it was completely free and as people received better treatment and their health improved they required more and better health treatments. This was contrary to what government had envisioned and was proving increasingly more expensive. By the 1950s the Government were forced to introduce some charges for dentistry, spectacles and prescriptions to ease the burden this placed on the tax system (Marsh et al, 2000).. Employment at this time was relatively high but the demands on the system had been a lot higher than the government had anticipated, and tax revenues were not sufficient to continue meeting the full cost. The Welfare state and the economic thinking behind it were seen as being able to reconcile the needs of economic growth with the needs and aspirations of the working population. Under this system it was argued that economic activity could be managed by government borrowing and spend ing based on rises and dips in economic development which could be ironed out to ensure continuous high employment and economic growth. Problems with Welfarism As Britain rebuilt its economy after the war this seemed credible, there was lots of employment. Employment was at such a high peak that there were more jobs to go round than there were people to do them and in 1948 the Government introduced the Immigration Act to encourage people from the commonwealth to come to Britain and work. In Post-War Britain the major political parties were in general agreement over the use of Keynesian economics this agreement involved: A commitment to full employment and an extensive welfare programme; the existence of a mixed economy, with a significant role for the public sector; and the use of Keynesian Demand-management techniques to steer the economy†¦the experiences of war had been critical in cementing the collectivist consensus-it was thought that government had the capacity to realise wider social objectives on which most agreed (Hayes, 1994:58). During the 1950s and the early 1960s employment was high and in 1959 the then Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was telling the country that they had never had it so good. Between 1948 and 1966 the unemployment rate was estimated at 2% of the population.[1] This did not last and by the mid 1960s concerns about the future of full employment were aired. Harold Wilson and the Labour Governments came to power in 1964 and unemployment began to rise, by the end of their office in 1970 unemployment had reached half a million. Labour and Conservative governments struggled to control rising rates of unemployment during the 1970s which were now pushing the million mark. The post-war welfare state claimed to be based upon the idea of universal provision. That is to say that everyone in a certain category would receive a given benefit rather than having to prove their entitlement by means testing. In reality even in the early days of the welfare state few provisions were truly universal because mo st of them were means tested (Moore et al, 2002). Post-War politicians believed at the time that they could eradicate poverty. Poverty, it is argued, stems from the idea that modern society produces people who are victims, the unemployed, the disabled, and those who suffer from long term illness. The duty of the state is to look after such people (Giddens, 2001). Many commentators however are of the opinion that the welfare state failed to deliver its promises. Alcock (1994) has argued that while the post-war welfare state may not have been successful it had attempted to bring about equality in society. He maintains that the Conservative Government that was in power from 1979-1997 arguably actively pursued policies that created greater inequalities. New Right Thinking and the Thatcher Government In Thatcher’s Government discourse revolved around the notion that the introduction of market mechanisms would result in a more equitable system benefiting all. There was a firm belief that market principles should be applied in all areas of policy making. Thus Geoffrey Howe stated that government policy was: †¦built on the emerging analysis of previous decades by taking markets as the key tool for disengaging the state from its political over-strength. Markets to determine the value of labour. Markets to determine prices and investment. Markets to allocate resources. Markets to offer incentives and rewards†¦markets to build prosperity.[2] Conservative and New Right thinking does not subscribe to the victims approach but believes that each individual is largely responsible for their own welfare. This approach is not really new, it dates back to the Elizabethan Poor Laws and especially to the reforms of that law in the 1830s. it argues that state services are not efficient and that welfare should be provided through the market, the family and charity. Thatcher’s Government believed in encouraging people to think for themselves. Given their views on markets the Government wanted to extend the scope of private enterprise in the economy and to introduce market principles into the public sector. Thatcher’s Government saw the health service as a drain on resources. Since its inception it had lurched from one catastrophe to another (Moore, 2002). In the 1980s the Government decided it might be more efficient if the Health Services were run according to business principles. They split it into two-purchasers and p roviders. Local authorities had a duty to find out local health needs and to purchase those from local hospitals and community health services. This was considered the best way of allocating Government resources because free markets were considered to be self organising and should therefore increase productivity and improve care while at the same time being cost efficient. Benefits Under the Conservatives The Government took a radical approach to benefit because they believed that the system had become wasteful and bureaucratic and actually discouraged people from working. Their aims were to cut back the bureaucracy, spend less on social security and target the most needy. This meant that under the Conservatives the eligibility criteria for social security and family credit was raised The 1980 Act tightened existing legislation and most earnings related supplementary benefits were abolished. 1986 Social Security Act introduced Income Support, intended for those with no entitlement to unemployment benefit, later partly replaced with jobseekers allowance, family credit and the social fund. This replaced the allowances which were given to help with bills or purchasing household necessities. The social fund was distributed at the discretion of DHSS staff. It was made as a loan which had to be repaid. The Government also changed the pensions scheme and introduced pensions that were paid at different rates according to what a person had earned SERPs. Child Benefit which was introduced by Labour in 1977 was frozen in the mid 80s to save money. Housing Benefit was also reduced and means tested. Under the Conservatives the wages of those at the lower end of the labour market began to fall at such a rate that eventually some people were earning less than they would have received had they been on benefits. This state of affairs had begun when Edward Heath was in power, and under him the Government introduced benefits such as the Family Credit system to subsidise wages (Deakin, 1994). Essentially family credit subsidized employers because it allowed them to pay lower and lower rates for the same job. This kind of policy making was reminiscent of the Poor Law where the poor were required to work for the poor relief that they received. This led to a distinction between the deserving and undeserving poor. In present day New Right thinking the undeserving poor are those on the dole who appear not to be actively seeking work, and young single mothers. The drop in pay was exacerbated under the Thatcher which eradicated the 1946 Fair Wages Resolution and Wages Councils that were desig ned to wipe out low pay (Hayes, 1994). As Gennard and Judge(2002) have noted, during the years of the Thatcher Government the bargaining power of employers was increased and it became less likely that any settlement would favour the interests of employees over that of an employer (by 1991 strikes had fallen to 369)[3]. Leat (2001) argues that during that time there was a reduction in legal protection for employees, less restriction on the freedom of employers, a reduction in trade union power, and thereby the interests of employees. The state under the Conservatives was operating to protect the interests of those who owned businesses, and as Marx argued these interests were protected in favour of the interests of the working class. The Conservative Government was on the side of the entrepreneurs and property owners and demonstrated their allegiance to the moneyed classes through tax incentives. For high earners income tax was reduced from 83% to 40%, corporation tax was reduced by 17% from 52 to 35% and the threshold on capital gains tax was raised. The effect of this was an increase in the balance of payments deficit and huge increases in the material inequalities in society (Hayes, 1994). This view is supported by Alcock (1994) who argues that the Conservative policies which lowered taxes and int roduced changes into social care and the benefits system resulted in greater unemployment, a rise in the number of homeless people, and a general growth in social inequality. Unemployment The world bank and the international monetary fund were seen as forward looking institutions in the 1950s. They had no input into government policy and they had no control over a country’s economic policies (George, S. 1999). By the late nineteen seventies Keynesian economic policies were no longer working largely due to the abolition of capital controls. Rising unemployment and inflation were matched by a corresponding drop in the market (Stigliz 2002). An unfettered market and increasing privatisation results in trade and market monopolies that disadvantage the consumer. Unemployment and social suffering are the result if there are not adequate safety nets. When economic downswings or depressions occur In 1976 there was an International Monetary fund crisis which meant that monetary restrictions had been imposed on the state and Britain’s welfare state was seen as problematic. During the nineteen eighties twenty nine percent of all tax relief was obtained by one percent of the population. A single person who earned half the national average saw their taxes go up by seven percent. Those earning ten times the average salary received tax reductions of twenty nine percent (George, 1999). The Conservatives launched a huge programme of privatisation. As a result of government efforts to privatise, between 1987 and 1994 the number of people employed in the public sector went from seven million to five million most of those jobs that were illiminated were unionised jobs. Between 1971 and 1981 the number of people in blue collar occupations went from 62% to 56% for men and 43 to 36% for women. Also in 1981 there were 700,000 fewer men in manufacturing work than there had been ten years previously (Giddens, 2001).Between 1985 and 1986 unemployment reached a peak and in both years it was estimated that 11.8% of the population were out of work (Sweeney and Macmahon, 1 998). The figures began to fall by the end of the 80s and in 1990 had dropped to 5.8% (ibid). They peaked again to 10.8% in January 1992 some of this is attributable to the increasing privatization under John Major, particularly when British Rail was privatized and sold off. It needs to be acknowledged that these statistics are not always reliable they are seasonally adjusted to take account of changes in the labour market. In some areas there was a tendency for people to be involved in informal paid work However, Pahl (1984) found that the unemployed in the Isle of Sheppey were no more likely to do this than those in formal employment. Between 1979 and 1987 the Government changed the way in which unemployment figures were calculated no fewer than 19 times. Most of which were intended to remove people from the unemployment register. The Conservatives introduced what became known as the New Vocationalism whereby youth training schemes and work placement opportunities were introduced. These were usually low level jobs or jobs that had no future but appeared to lower the unemployment figures, at least for a time. In 1988 young people under the age of 18 were no longer eligible for benefit which resulted in 90,000 being taken off the register. Nickell (2003) contends that since 1979 increased unemployment coupled with a rise in benefit payments and earnings that are index linked to prices rather than wages, resulted in a massive increase in the number of people in the UK who are living in relative poverty.[4] Between 1983 and 1990 when the two studies were undertaken the number of people living in poverty rose from 7.5 million to 11 million and those living in severe poverty (lacking more than 7 essential items eg. Heat, new clothes) from 2.6 to 3.5 million (Mack and Lansley, 1992). Hills (1998) work found that between 1979 and 1995 average incomes increased by 40% for the richest tenth of the population while the poorest tenth, after housing costs had a drop of 8%/. Hills also found that more than 80% of those who earned less than half the national average were non-pensioners. The New Right and New Labour In 1997 the Conservative Government was voted out. New Labour came into power and its New Deal promised a hand up not a hand out. The introduction of market forces by the Conservatives had the effect of excluding some people from mainstream society and led to the setting up by the present Government of the Social Exclusion Unit in 1997. The New Deal was designed to get people off welfare and back into work, often, regardless of their circumstances. The present Government have continued to build on the policies introduced by the Conservatives and it is here that theorists maintain there is a new consensus. Means testing has not only continued but increased Job seekers allowance is dependent on a person actively seeking work and Job Centres now have the powers to stop a person’s benefits if they are not seen to be pro-active in finding a job. Conclusion During the late 1990s there has been a further shift in employment. Marx saw the spread of factories and the concentration of the working class within those factories, in the second half of the twentieth century, however, he had not envisaged vast changes in the occupational structures of western society. While the proportion of manual workers has declined from 75% of the workforce to well below 50% there has also been a corresponding 25% growth in the number of non-manual and service workers. Since the advent of New Labour we have also witnessed a large increase in the number of private sector service jobs (Holborn and Langley, 2002).[5]There has also been a rise in the number of professionals in the workforce, during the 1990s this rose to 10% of the whole workforce, a number of these are married women who may have returned to their profession after a period away (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Reeves argues that what Thatcher wanted to do was to alter social attitudes towards work and welfare and in this she succeeded (Reeves, 2004).[6] Bibliography Abbott, P and Wallace, C (1997) An Introduction to Sociology, Feminist Perspectives Routledge, London. Alcock, P. 1994 â€Å"Back to the Future: Victorian Values for the 21st Century† in Murray, C. 1994 Underclass: The Crisis Deepens London, IEA Alderson, P. 2000. Young Childrens Rights exploring beliefs, principles and practice. London, Jessica Kinglsey Ambrose, P. 2004. â€Å"Force, Fraud,or Good Will†Poverty (118 Summer) 2004 http://www.childpoverty.org.uk Beveridge, William (1944). Full Employment in a Free Society. London: Allen and Unwin Bilton et al. 1996. 3rd ed. Introducing Sociology. London, Macmillan. Blyton, P. and Turnbull, P. 1994. The Dynamics of Employee Relations. Basingstoke, Macmillan Breaking the Cycle http://www.socialexclusionunit.gov.uk Butler, A. 1993 â€Å"The end of post war consensus† Political Quarterly Vol 64 No. 4 pp 435-446 Deakin, N. 1994 The Politics of Welfare Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf Evans,m E. 2004 Thather and Thatcherism London Routledge Gennard and Judge, 2002 3rd ed. Employee Relations London, CIPD Giddens, 2001. 4th ed. Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press Giddens, A. et al 1994. The Polity Reader in Social Theory. Cambridge, Polity Press. Hall, S. and Gleben, B. eds. Formations of Modernity. Cambridge, Polity Press in association with the Open University Press. Haralambos,M. Holborn, M. and Heald, R.2000. 5th ed. Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. London, Harper Collins. Hayes, M 2004 The New Right in Britain: An Introduction to Theory and Practice London, Pluto Press Held,G.ed.1993. Prospects for Democracy. Cambridge, Polity Press. Hills, J.1998 Income and Wealth: the latest evidence. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation Leat, M. 2001 Exploring Employee Relations. Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann Marsh, Keating and Eyre et al 2000 2nd ed. Sociology: Making Sense of Society Essex, Pearson Education Moore, S. Scourfield, P. Sinclair, S. Burch, S. and Wendon, B. 3rd ed. 2002 Social Welfare Alive Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes. Olssen, M. 2000 â€Å"Ethical liberalism, education and the New Right† Journal of Educational Policy Vol 15No. 5 2000 pps 481-508 Perrons, D. 2004. Globalisation and Social Change: People and Places in a Divided World. London, Taylor and Francis. Reeves, New Statesman Sept 27, 2004 v133 i4707 p42(4) reporting on the Labour Conference Sears, M 2001 â€Å"Welfare with or without the state: British Pluralists, American Progressives, and the Conditions of Social Justice† The European Legacy Vol 6 No. 2 pp. 201-213 2001 Walsh, I ed. 2000 Sociology: Making Sense of Society. Edinburgh, Prentice Hall. 1 Footnotes [1] Haralambos and Holborn 2000 [2] Geoffrey Howe The Guardian 1989 quoted in Hayes 1994:63 [3] Gennard and Judge ibid. [4] http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp0579.pdf Nickell, S. RES conference paper April 2003 [5] Figures adapted from p.8 2002 [6] Reeves New Statesman 27/9/04

Actual Benefits of Information Technology Outsourcing Essay -- companie

1) Critically evaluate the competitive advantage that can be gained by companies through IS/IT outsourcing. Provide suitable example to support your answer. Introduction Outsourcing is an arrangement in which one company provides services for another company that could also be or usually have been provided internal. As we know, outsourcing is a development that is becoming further common in information technology or information system and other industries for services that have usually been regarded as basic to managing a business. In some cases, the whole information management of a company is outsourced, including planning and business analysis as well as the installation, management, and servicing of the network and workstations. For the example, University Kolej Poly-Tech Mara provided Campus Management System (CMS) for student and they bought this CMS from outsourcing from Indonesia. By outsourcing the logistical activities the company can achieve great remunerations. Outsourced environment has been exposed to regularly bring gains in productivity to companies, specifically through scale, technology and expertise. Besides, outsourcing can also h elp companies reduce costs associated with labour and real estate. Taking advantage of an outsourcing vendor’s global, centre-based dispersed delivery brings advance economies of scale and process proficiency. Competitive advantage is very important thing especially in term of business marketing because when your business starts growing, the companies should start to think of the potential benefits of going beyond the basics, as larger companies do, and look for ways to use information systems for competitive advantage. (Dr Donald J McCubbrey, Oct 6, 2010). To achieve a competitiv... ...ks Cited WNS Global Service, Gaining competitive advantage through analytics outsourcing, 14 October 2009. Available at, http://www.slideshare.net/WNSGlobalServices/kpo-whitepaper-wns-2009, Retrieved at November 2013. Journal of Accountancy, The Pros and Cons of IT Outsourcing, June 1998. Available at http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/1998/Jun/antonuci.htm. Retrieved at November 2013. Journal of IT Management, Volume IV, Number 2, Outsourcing the IS Function, The impact on competitive advantage, 1993. Available at, http://jitm.ubalt.edu/IV-2/article4.pdf. Retrieved at November 2013. B. A. Aubert, M. Patry, S. Rivard, â€Å"Assessing IT Outsourcing Risk†, Proceedings of the 31st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Jan 1998, Available at http://www.scribd.com/doc/6550923/The-Information-Technology-Outsourcing-Risk. Retrieved at Disember 2013.

Book Analysis: The Rook

In The Rook by Steven James, there is a man who is a detective his name is Patrick Bowers but he also goes by the name Creighton which is his name for when he does undercover missions. Patrick Bowers is a special agent who has been summoned to take part in a dangerous case involving an arsonist who has began his reign of fires in San Diego. And the fires that are happening in San Diego are matching up to other events that may be linked to the same person who’s starting these fires. Soon Patrick Bowers finds out its not just fires he has to worry about its also kidnapping, a gruesome taunting video, and a suicide.Which Patrick witnessed as well as his niece. That same suicide happened right after he and his partner lien-hua are called in to look at a house suspected of arson which may be linked by the same person who has started the previous fires. There is a man who is wild and completely out of control and seems to be high off of drugs. Detective Patrick Bowers goes to try to calm the man down but the man reacts violent way, and the man starts to attack Patrick and has he goes to punch the man in the face he bites him in the arm and takes off running.As the man starts to run away he is then hit by a trolly and is run over. The character that I identify with most his detective Patrick Bowers, the reason that I identify with detective Patrick bowers is because my uncle is also a detective who also has delt with cases similar to this, only not as extream as Patrick bowers. My uncle and Patrick Bowers are very similar when it comes to their past my uncle just as Patrick bowers has dealt with things that he is not proud of. My uncle and Patrick bowers are also very family orientated people Patrick Bower has a stepdaughter my uncle also has a stepdaughter.And the main reason that I chose Patrick bowers to be a character that I really identified with is because he and my uncle seem to have really good hearts and would do anything to protect their families. â⠂¬Å" While investigating a series of baffling fires in San Diego, Special Agent Patrick Bowers is drawn into a deadly web of intrigue where nothing is as it appears to be with a killer on the loose and one of the world’s most deadly devices missing. Bowers is caught in a race against time to stop a criminal mastermind’s trap before it closes around the people he loves† < the Rook. com>

Global Prevalence Of Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay

High blood pressure is a major contributing factor for cardiovascular disease. WHO report ( 2002 ) showed that India may be the largest cardiovascular disease load in the universe by the twelvemonth 2020. WHO report in India 2005 stated that prevalence of high blood pressure was increased by approximately 30 times among urban community people and by approximately 10 times among the rural community people. Many causes might hold contributed to this lifting tendency such as lifestyle alteration, alteration in diet and stress, increased population and unemployment have been implicated. High blood pressure is a â€Å" ignored disease, † harmonizing to a study released by the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) . Despite high blood force per unit area being the cause of decease in one of six grownups and the greatest individual hazard factor for decease from cardiovascular disease, 1000000s of people are developing, populating with, and deceasing from high blood pressure. The decennary from 1995 to 2005 saw a 25 % addition in the decease rate from high blood force per unit area, the study notes. The Institute of Medicine study besides highlighted the fiscal barriers to take downing blood force per unit area. Surveies have shown that the cost of medicines to patients is significantly related to patient attachment ; this is particularly apparent in patients with low income, chronic unwellness, and multiple prescriptions. Kalavathy et al. , ( 2000 ) High blood pressure is one of the major community wellness job in India. This one found from several Indian urban and rural studies. More surveies shows a prevalence rate of high blood pressure among urban population runing from 1 % in 1949 to 36 % in 2003 and for rural people from 1.97 % in 1958 to 20.2 % in 1994. Determining the degree of high blood pressure and besides differing age groups representing the survey population so the rates are different. Developed states with a more aging group will be expected to hold a higher prevalence of high blood pressure than a underdeveloped state with a younger group such as India, but some surveies, which have documented a high prevalence rate of high blood pressure in developing states. Few late conducted studies from Western India shows high prevalence of systolic high blood pressure at old age groups ( bulk in age group of 70 old ages ) , among Kerallite 51.8 % from South India and Assamese 63.63 % .Every twelvemonth about 5.3 hundred thousand Indians dice of high blood pressure related coronary disease. It has been found from in a survey Northen india that the incidence of high blood pressure increased from 3.98 % in 1963 to 26.78 % in 2000 among work forces while the incidence of high blood pressure increased from 6.67 % to 27.65 % among adult females. Systolic high blood pressure has been considered to be one of the most of import causes of morbidity and mortality taking to major diseases like shot, cardiovascular and nephritic diseases. Urban survey in India had shown a more per centum of population in the pre high blood pressure phase. Excess competition in academic field is one of the emphasis for the younger people in India and besides unemployment. Number of surveies have already explained that the relationship between Blood force per unit area and hazard of bosom diseases. Pre hypertensives have more opportunity to travel into phases of high blood pressure. Hence it is besides possible that the immature stressed people with prehypertensives degree of blood force per unit areas may be at hazard factor to develop bosom diseases. This survey accent on two demands such as sleep and command blood force per unit area. Adequate slumber is indispensable demands for human existences.The human being needs remainder & A ; slumber to conserve energy and good being, prevent weariness, supply organ to reprieve and alleviate tenseness. Sleep want consequence in a lessening in organic structure temperature, a lessening in immune system map. If sleep continues over a longer clip it increases the hazard of more serious wellness jobs such as weakened immune system, diabetes mellitus, depression, high blood force per unit area and fleshiness. There are place remedial steps to better slumber such as utilizing comfort devices, devouring warm milk, reading narrative book and by supplying good airing.Non pharmacological intercessions to take down blood force per unit areaThere is turning grounds that non pharmacological intercessions lower high blood force per unit area. These intercessions are non dearly-won and are by and large good in advancing good wellness. They besides help in cut downing the cardiovascular hazard factors with a small cost. ( Joyce M. Black ) Indian Medical Association 2001 study â€Å" In pull offing high blood pressure, antihypertensive drugs have of import function, but focal point may be directed towards some lifestyle alterations † . Dietary alteration, physical activities may act upon the minimize of Blood force per unit area. Body weight decrease, less alcohol consumption, limitation of salt and besides K, Ca supplementation can better the procedure of take downing Blood force per unit area. Fiber rich diet either and low Na could cut down the Blood force per unit area by about 5 millimeters Hg among high blood pressure clients. Other than this, behavioural alterations like halt smoke, regular exercisings, relaxation therapies like yoga, etc, have good consequence on high blood pressure clients. The consequence of lifestyle alterations may forestall a demand of drug direction for high blood pressure. For this all hypertensive clients should be tried ab initio one or more of the lifestyle alterations. Gupta 1997 recommends progressive relaxation, deep external respiration exercising and yoga may assist to cut down the blood force per unit area. TK Luqman -Arafath study 2002 shows that the mortality rate from both Ishemic bosom disease and stroke doubles while every 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic rise in Blood force per unit area. In fact, even minimal decrease in Blood force per unit area among the general population could decidedly cut down cardiovascular events. For illustration, a 3 mmHg decrease in systolic Blood force per unit area would take to an 8 % decrease in stroke mortality rate and a 5 % decrease in mortality rate due to coronary arteria disease. There has been increasing of import gives to the preventative steps like regular exercisings, express joying combined with speculation, less ingestion of intoxicant, cut down the consumption of Na and the Dietary alterations to take down the Hypertension rate. Many literatures reveal that laughter therapy helps in cut downing the blood force per unit area. Laughter promises a utile attack to intervention of high blood pressure. Systematic instruction of laughter therapy exert a positive influence on a client with hypertensive reduces blood force per unit area.The Benefits of laughter therapyLaughter therapy is an first-class type of exercising.The laughter therapy has three types, in the first type, one laughs freely and aloud with unfastened oral cavity, in the 2nd type, one laughs without any sound with closed oral cavity and in the 3rd type, one pours out loud effusions of laughter through the pharynx like neighing of Equus caballus. A figure of research surveies reveals that laughter has many wellness benefits. During the thirteenth century Surgeons used wit to deflect patients from hurting entirely. Later, in the twentieth century, came the scientific survey of the consequence of laughter on overall wellness. Harmonizing to Kay Herth ( 1984 ) laughter as a emphasis fellow. Laughter has a built in equilibrating mechanism that encourages two measure action of stimulation and relaxation due to let go of of chemicals adrenaline and nor epinephrine. This reduces anxiousness, tenseness and depression. Therefore, it helps in extenuating several serious diseases such as high blood pressure, bosom disease, diabetes, anxiousness, insomnia etc. Fry states that laughter is a good aerobic exercising. He says that 100 laugh a twenty-four hours is equal to 10 proceedingss rowing or jogging. Berk, Tan, Fry et Al ( 1997 ) reported drawn-out emphasis creates unhealthy physiological alterations and Stress causes the adrenal secretory organs to let go of corticoids and emphasis endocrine alterations during gay laughter. In a survey at Canada ‘s University of Waterloo documented that laughter additions degree of immunoglobulin IgG and IgM and concludes that laughter consequences in improved unsusceptibility. Cognetal ( diary of behavior medical specialty ( 1997 ) has reported the ability of laughter to let go of musculus tenseness and helps to let go of neuropeptides which are organic structure ‘s natural hurting stamp downing agents. Therefore, laughter has multi drawn-out attack for the alleviation of hurting, in painful conditions such as arthritis, spondylitis, etc. Lloyd ( 1990 ) showed that laughter is a combination of deep inspiration and full halitus animating first-class airing and fantastic remainder.Thus laughter additions lung capacity and oxygenation.This would profit patients with lung diseases such as bronchitis, bronchial asthma. The findings of Dr.Lee Berk and Dr.Stanle ( 1999 ) during their more than 10 old ages research on laughter addition the figure of ‘activated ‘ T cells and increases the degrees of gamma interferon, a lymphokine that activates many immune constituents.Need FOR THE STUDYCoronary events such as a â€Å" bosom onslaught † are still the most common consequence of high blood pressure. Increased blood force per unit area is related to increased badness of coronary artery disease, shot, neuropathy, peripheral vascular diseases, aortal aneurism, and bosom failure. About all people with bosom failure have antecedent high blood pressure. If high blood pressure is left untreated, about half of hypertensive clients will decease of bosom disease, a 3rd will decease of shot, and the staying 10 % to 15 % will decease of a nephritic failure. High blood pressure is besides a â€Å" soundless factor † in the etiology of many deceases attributed to stroke or bosom onslaughts. These upseting tendencies indicate the demand for renewed energy in the conflict against high blood pressure. Hypertension related morbidity and mortality will non diminish until suppliers appreciate the demand for alterations in bing intervention protocols.Now chiefly bar focused and strongly urge usage of non pharmaceutical steps to forestall and handle high blood pressure. ( Joyce m.black, 2001 ) Harmonizing to Indian Express Bureau ( 2004 ) one in every 10 Indian suffer from high blood force per unit area.Now a yearss antihypertensive drugs are available to command blood force per unit area.These drugs have their ain side effects and are expensive. Non conformity to medicine is really common among hypertensive patients due to assorted grounds. Antihypertensive medicines entirely can non command blood force per unit area, physiological relaxation is really of import for keeping blood force per unit area. The research worker observed that most of the hypertensive patients had unequal cognition about significance, hazard factors, marks and symptoms sing high blood pressure and its related complications. The hypertensive patients do non follow the non pharmacological steps like exercising, emphasis cut downing activities like yoga and turning away of diet which contains more cholesterin. These patterns are non adopted by bulk of the patients largely because of unknowingness and deficiency of accent by the wellness suppliers. Sushil Bhatia, the editor of Lorvani ( 2004 ) , province that express joying combined with speculation, harmonises all our sense organs in a minute of entire concentration and brings equilibrium to mind, organic structure and external respiration which are like three bases of a rope. Peoples utilizing this therapy experience dramatic alleviation from upsets such as depression, migrane and high blood pressure. American Journal of Medical Science reported that emphasis endocrine alterations during gay laughter. The research worker during her clinical exposure in the community has observed that many older people are enduring from high blood pressure. Some hypertensive people are taking medicines, some are non taking medicine on a regular basis. Those hypertensive patients do non follow the non pharmacological steps like exercising and speculation. Based on the information showed on prevalence of high blood pressure, research worker recognized the demand for learning laughter therapy to the hypertensive people in this selected rural community. Therefore this survey was undertaken to measure the consequence of laughter therapy on blood force per unit area and slumber among patients with high blood pressure.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMA survey to measure the consequence of laughter therapy on blood force per unit area and slumber among patients with high blood pressure in a selected rural community at Coimbatore.AIM OF THE STUDYThe chief purpose of the survey is to find whether laughter therapy mak es a important difference in blood force per unit area and slumber among hypertensive patients in comparing with the non receiving systems of laughter therapy.Specific OBJECTIVESThe specific aims of the survey are 1. To find the degree of blood force per unit area in the experimental and control group before and after laughter therapy. 2. To find quality of slumber reported by the sample in the experimental and control group before and after laughter therapy. 3. To find the association of blood force per unit area and slumber with demographic variables such as business, exercising and diet.HypothesisH1: There will be important difference in average systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area before and after intercession in experimental group. H2: There will be important difference in average systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area of the experimental and control group after intercession. H3: There will be important difference in average mark of slumber before and after intercession in experimental group. H4: There will be important difference in average sleep mark of the experimental and control group after intercession.OPERATIONAL DEFINITION1. Blood force per unit areaIt refers to the force per unit area of the blood within the arterias of the organic structure.When the ventricle of bosom contracts, blood is forced out into the aorta and travels through the largest arterias to the smallest arterias, arteriolas and capillaries. The pulsing extends from the bosom through the arterias and disappears in the arteriolas. The pulsing is measured by utilizing a sphygmomanometer and is expressed in millimeter of Hg.a ) Systolic blood force per unit areaIt is the maximal grade of force per unit area exerted by the blood against the wall of the blood vass during the ventricular contraction when the left ventricle is coercing the blood into the aorta. The first sound is called systolic blood force per unit area.B ) Diastolic blood force per unit areaThis is the lowest force per unit area that o ccurs when the bosom is in the resting period merely before the contraction of the left ventricle. The 2nd sound is called diastolic blood force per unit area.2. High blood pressureIt is defined as relentless lift of the systolic blood force per unit area and diastolic blood force per unit area from the normal degree. Normal blood force per unit area: 120/80 millimeter of Hg.3 STAGES OF HYPERTENSIONSystolic blood force per unit area Diastolic blood force per unit area Level of blood120 – 139mm of Hg. 80 – 89 millimeter of Hg pre high blood pressure 140 – 159 millimeter of Hg 90 – 99 millimeter of Hg phase I hypertension & gt ; 160 millimeter of Hg & gt ; 100 millimeter of Hg phase II high blood pressure3. SleepSleep is a province of remainder in which the nervous system is inactive, the eyes are closed, the musculuss are relaxed and the head is unconscious. The features of slumber can be verbalized by the individual who experiences the slumber. In this survey the self study of slumber is measured on a sleep graduated table.4. LAUGHTER THERAPYThe laughter therapy is an first-class type of exercising which control blood force per unit area by cut downing the release of emphasis related endocrines and brings about relaxation.Premise1. High blood pressure is more common among grownups than adolescent age group. 2. Blood force per unit area can be kept in control by medicine and lifestyle alteration. 3. Laughter could give alleviation from physical or mental emphasiss.Boundary line1. The survey is limited to one community. 2. The survey is delimited to patients within the age group of 40 to 60 old ages.Scope OF THE STUDYThe degrees of blood force per unit area and slumber are measured in hypertensive patients before and after intervention.If there is a important decrease in the blood force per unit area and positive result in the features of slumber of experimental group of sample, it is a clear effectivity of laughter therapy. Teaching laughter therapy is simple and it can be practiced easy. If the topics are able to execute this therapy without any trouble, this intercession is acceptable, it is clear indicant of the public-service corporation value of laughter therapy for hypertensive patients.The findings will be good to wellness patterns to actuate hypertensive patients and patients on antihypertensive drugs to command and keep their blood force per unit area at normal degree.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKA conceptual theoretical account can be defined as a set of constructs and those premises that integrat e them into a meaningful constellation ( Fewett,1980 ) . The development of a construct was theoretical account is a cardinal procedure required before carry oning existent research.The model influences each province of research procedure. The conceptual model in nursing research can assist to supply a clear concise thought of cognition in the country. Conceptual frame work for this survey was a nursing procedure theoretical account based on Dorothy.E.Johnson ‘s behavioral system theory ( 1980 ) . Harmonizing to Johnson, nursing positions the person as a set of interrelated or mutualist parts working as an incorporate whole. Johnson identified seven subsystems. The subsystems are affliative, aggressive, dependence, eliminative, ingestive, renewing, and sexual. These subsystems carry out particular map for the system as a whole. Disturbance in any of the system normally affects the other. The stairss of the nursing procedure are incorporated with the Dorothy E. Johnson ‘s theoretical account. Nursing procedure is a deliberate activity where the pattern of nursing is performed in a systematic order. Johnson presents a three measure nursing procedure, the stairss are entitled nursing diagnosing which parallel the appraisal and diagnosing stage, the 2nd measure nursing end peers to the execution and 3rd measure is rating. This survey focused on kids and the dependence system which is one among the subsystems which result in blessing, attending, acknowledgment, and physical a id.AppraisalAppraisal is the procedure of roll uping informations sing each subsystem. Data on demographic profile ( age, instruction, business, income, nutrient and exercising wonts, history of antihypertensive medicines ) was collected.DiagnosisThrough appraisal from the subsystem jobs are identified and diagnosing is made and it provides footing for nursing intercession. In this survey the informations collected through observation of blood force per unit area and utilizing interview agenda. The diagnosing is made and categorized into prehypertension, phase I hypertension and stage II high blood pressure.Nursing endsAfter diagnosing is made the end is to keep or reconstruct the individual ‘s behaviour system balance, and stableness through planning intercessions. In this survey the end is to cut down blood force per unit area and to advance slumber.InterventionNursing activity is an external regulative force assists the individual to recover equilibrium. In this survey the nursing activity is to learn the laughter therapy techniques to the experimental group for a period of clip to convey alteration in the blood force per unit area and slumber.EvaluationEvaluation refers to look intoing the subsystem identified as debatable for balance and overall system stableness. In this survey the research worker compared the experimental group with the control group by utilizing the observation of blood force per unit area and self report quality of slumber given by sample. Figure -1 Highlights the conceptual model on modified nursing procedure based on Dorothy E. Johnson Behavioural System Model. Bellert, ( 1989 ) . Wit: A Curative Approach in Oncology Nursing. † Cancer Nursing,65-70. Brooks et.al. ( 1999 ) . Curative Humor.International Journal of Humor Research, 151-160. Buckwalter et.al. ( 1995 ) . The Humor and Individuality of Persons with high blood pressure. Journal of Gerontology Nursing,11-16. Erdman and Lynn. ( 1993 ) . Laughter Therapy for Patients with Cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 55-67. Ferguson, Stephanie, et. Al. ( 1989 ) . Wit in Nursing. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 29-34. Galloway. ( 1999 ) . Benefits of Humor.International Journal of Humor Research, 301-314. Mallett and Jane. ( 1993 ) . Use of Humor and Laughter in Patient Care. † British Journal of Nursing,172-175. Matz and A. Brown ( 1998 ) , â€Å" Humor and Pain Management. † Journal of Holistic Nursing. : 68-75.ONLINE REFERENCEEnda junkins ( 2007 ) .The power of laughter retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //laughter therapy.webs.com. Gita Suraj Narayan ( 2009 ) .Laughter is a powerful signifier of complementary Medicinretrievedfrom hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146449.php Gasto, R.Lack of slumber linked to increased hazard of high blood pressure.Archives of geriatrics and geriatrics:30 ( 1 ) :7-15.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medscape.com. John, tungsten ( 2004 ) .Non-pharmacological intercession of high blood pressure retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.science direct.com/science. Kazuo Murakami ( 2001 ) .Laughter therapy retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //copperwiki.org. Kazuo Murakami ( 2001 ) Laughter Cuts Health Costs retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.averagemiracles.org.